In the guide
This guidance is for Scotland
African horse sickness is a disease that affects equidae - that is, horses, donkeys and mules. The word 'horse' in this guide means any of these animals.
It is an infectious and fatal disease and is classified as an orbivirus.
It does not spread directly from one horse to another, but is transmitted by the Culicoides midge, which becomes infected when feeding on other infected equidae.
It has never been present in Great Britain. It occurs mostly in the warm and favours heavy rainfall in sub-Saharan Africa where it is endemic.
What is the possible impact of the disease?
African horse sickness is a notifiable disease, therefore you must contact your local APHA office (Animal and Plant Health Agency) if you suspect the disease.
Due to the nature of the disease, any animals suspected of having it would be isolated and movement restrictions would be put in place. Blood tests would be undertaken to confirm the disease and any infected animals may be slaughtered.
Back to topClinical signs
There are four forms of the disease: (i) one affects the lungs, (ii) another the heart, (iii) is a mixture of these two and (iv) is a mild form of the disease.
The lung form can show the following signs:
- very high fever
- difficulty in breathing, with mouth open and head hanging down
- frothy discharge may pour from the nose
- sudden death
The heart form can show the following signs:
- fever, followed by swelling of the head and eyes (in severe cases the entire head swells)
- loss of ability to swallow and colic signs may occur
- bleeding (of pinpoint size) in the membranes of the mouth and eyes
- death comes later than in the lung form, occurring four to eight days after the fever has started
- lower death rate than the lung form
The mixed form is characterised by signs of both the lung and heart forms of the disease.
The mildest 'fever' form is characterised by fever without other clinical signs and has the lowest death rate.
Back to topWhat happens if disease is confirmed?
The premises where disease is confirmed will be put under restriction so no animals can move on or off.
A control zone, protection zone and surveillance zone may be set up around the infected premises.
The control zone must have a radius of at least 20 km, the protection zone must have a radius of at least 100 km and the surveillance zone must have a radius of at least 150 km, each centred on the part of the premises that the Scottish Government considers most appropriate for disease control.
Horses contained within these zones may be placed under movement restrictions and be required to be tested.
Back to topCan people catch the disease?
African horse sickness does not affect humans so there are no human or public health implications.
Back to topWhat can be done to reduce the risks?
Maintain good biosecurity. Guidance on biosecurity is available on the Scottish Government website, as is specific biosecurity guidance for equine keepers.
If you import any animals, ensure that they are isolated and monitored. All imports must comply with the legal requirements and you must ensure that all documentation for imported horses is complete and accurate. See 'Importing animals' for more information.
If you are concerned that your horse is unwell, you should contact your local veterinary surgeon.
If you suspect that your horse has any of the clinical signs of African horse sickness then this needs to be reported immediately to APHA, as well as your private veterinary surgeon. Information on notifiable diseases in animals can be found on the GOV.UK website.
Back to topLegislation applicable to African horse sickness
The African Horse Sickness (Scotland) Order 2012 makes provisions for dealing with any suspected and confirmed cases of African horse sickness. The Order gives powers to set up control zones and allows veterinary officers to take blood samples from animals within the zones.
It sets out special provisions for dealing with slaughterhouses and non-captive horses, and prohibits vaccination against African horse sickness except in the circumstances covered within the Order.
Back to topFurther information
The African Horse Sickness Control Strategy for Great Britain is available on the GOV.UK website and the Scottish Government website has information on how to spot and report the disease.
Back to topDisease alerts
Livestock keepers can stay up to date with the latest African horse sickness developments via the APHA alert subscription service.
Back to topTrading Standards
For more information on the work of Trading Standards services - and the possible consequences of not abiding by the law - please see 'Trading Standards: powers, enforcement and penalties'.
Back to topIn this update
No major changes.
Last reviewed / updated: March 2024
Back to topKey legislation
Please note
This information is intended for guidance; only the courts can give an authoritative interpretation of the law.
The guide's 'Key legislation' links may only show the original version of the legislation, although some amending legislation is linked to separately where it is directly related to the content of a guide. Information on changes to legislation can be found by following the above links and clicking on the 'More Resources' tab.